随着反舰导弹的快速发展，其隐蔽性、命中精度和毁伤能力得到大幅度提高，大型水面舰船面临着越来越严重的威胁。由反舰导弹战斗部爆炸瞬间产生的高速破片能够对舰船内部重要设备和人员造成不同程度的损伤，从而使大型舰船丧失作战能力甚至沉没，因此被动防护结构是保障舰船生命力的最后一道防线。大型水面舰船利用其内部空间大的优势设置多舱室防护结构来防御反舰武器爆炸载荷，保护内部重要舱室、设备和人员的安全。大型水面舰船的被动防护结构一般采用多舱室进行防护，而液舱是其中重要的功能舱室，能够有效防御爆炸产生的高速破片。本文围绕液舱破坏机理和防护设计这两个问题，提出“新材料和新结构相结合”的思路，通过模型试验、理论分析和数值仿真的方法开展了液舱对高速破片的防御机理研究和优化方案设计研究，研究成果对指导液舱结构设计和提高我国大型水面舰船的生命力具有重要意义。具体内容如下：

(1)开展了一系列弹体侵彻液舱过程的试验研究，借助高速摄影仪得到了完整的弹体运动路径和空泡发展等物理过程。以能量分析为基础，综合弹体穿甲运动方程和弹体在流体中运动时的能量耗散特性，建立了简化分析模型。该理论模型综合考虑了前靶板背水、后靶板弯曲和弹体墩粗对弹速衰减的影响，并推导了弹体侵彻液舱后的剩余速度公式。将公式计算结果与试验测试数据进行了对比分析，结果吻合较好。

(2)基于显式动力学计算程序AUTODYN开展了高速弹体侵彻液舱过程的数值计算，并通过与试验结果对比验证了数值计算方法的准确性和可靠性。采用验证的数值方法开展了系列工况的仿真计算，分析了液舱宽度、初始弹速、入射角度和前后液舱靶板厚度等因素对弹体剩余速度的影响。掌握了高速弹体打击下液舱结构的响应和破坏特征。

(3)提出将陶瓷靶板放置在液舱迎弹面降低弹体入射速度从而增加液舱防护性能的方案，开展了陶瓷/液舱复合防护结构的抗弹性能研究。对陶瓷/金属复合靶板的抗弹特性进行了研究，基于修正的Florence模型分析陶瓷/金属复合装甲的弹道极限速度，继而推导了弹体侵彻陶瓷/液舱复合结构弹速衰减公式。采用AUTODYN程序对弹体侵彻陶瓷/金属复合靶板过程进行了仿真计算，进一步验证了理论分析模型的可靠性。

(4)研究剪切增稠液体(STF,Shear Thickening Fluid)的防护性能。制备了剪切增稠液材料，分析了剪切增稠液材料在不同剪切率下的粘度和不同应变率下的动态力学特性。基于ABAQUS软件开发了表征剪切增稠液粘度特性的用户子程序，并开展了数值仿真计算和试验对比分析。采用数值方法进一步对流体密度，初始弹速等影响弹速衰减的因素进行了深入分析。最后对水/剪切增稠液复合流体填充液舱的抗弹性能进行了研究。根据数值仿真方法，提出了低速平头弹侵彻剪切增稠液的阻力系数公式，在此基础上建立了弹体侵彻剪切增稠液填充液舱的理论模型。

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