随着我国汽车保有量的不断增加，机动车带来的污染问题也越来越突出。在机动车持续增长和能源紧缺的形势下，发展和完善柴油机NO_X控制技术对减少我国NO_X排放具有十分重要的意义。Urea-SCR技术被认为是目前最有效的柴油机NO_X控制技术。然而，由于SCR系统催化器出口NO_X浓度随添蓝流量的变化规律具有阻容模型的特征，导致拟降低的NO_X和可用的NH₃难以实时地维持等摩尔的关系，NO_X转化效率受到抑制。柴油机实际运行中工况复杂，添蓝流量频繁变化，易造成NO_X排放偏高、NH₃泄漏，并伴随着大量沉积物生成，加剧了大气质量的恶化。为进一步提高NO_X转化效率并防止二次污染形成，本文通过仿真与试验相结合的方法，对Urea-SCR系统阻容特性的影响因素、描述及应用方法展开研究，最终得到了一种基于模型的控制策略。

本文的主要研究内容包括：

（1） 本文首先基于系统级SCR催化剂模型，从催化剂微孔结构的角度出发，确定了影响SCR系统NO_X转化效率的关键因素。而后，本文对SCR系统的阻容特性进行描述，给出了“带时滞环节的多元可变阻容模型”时间常数和比例常数的求解方式。最后，本文使用三款不同催化剂进行ESC和ETC循环试验，通过试验结果与阻容模型的仿真结果对比可知，该模型可以准确描述Urea-SCR系统的阻容特性。该模型作为可嵌入式模型，可用于实时指导添蓝喷射量，在降低NO_X的同时减少二次污染的产生。同时，该模型作为可嵌入式模型，可用于实时指导添蓝喷射量，在降低NO_X的同时减少NH₃泄漏的产生。

（2） 随着当今社会对柴油机NO_X排放要求越来越严格，优化添蓝控制策略以进一步提高SCR系统NO_X转化效率并防止NH₃泄漏的产生始终是一项艰巨的挑战。对催化剂储氨量的精确控制是SCR控制系统的核心，也是进一步提高SCR系统NO_X转化效率的方向。因此，本文通过台架试验，对全尺寸催化剂的储氨特性进行研究，并通过非线性储氨模型对催化剂储氨特性进行描述。而后，本文提出了基于储氨模型的模糊储氨量控制方法，ETC瞬态循环试验结果表明，该方法可在保证高NO_X转化效率的同时降低NH₃的泄漏量。同时，为了应对SCR系统在实际应用中由于一致性所带来的影响，提高SCR系统的鲁棒性，本文提出了基于“带时滞环节的多元可变阻容模型”的闭环控制策略，实车路试试验结果表明，本文提出的闭环控制策略在实际运行中工作稳定，显著提高了SCR系统的鲁棒性。

（3） 除了NO_X和NH₃排放，沉积物生成量同样是衡量控制策略优劣的重要指标。因此，本文从Urea-SCR系统的设计开发、沉积物的生成机理和基于沉积物生成模型的添蓝流量修正策略三个方面对Urea-SCR系统沉积物的问题进行研究。首先，本文建立了部件级的Urea-SCR系统物理结晶模型，由台架结晶试验和模型仿真结果的对比可知，使用该模型可以准确描述添蓝喷射、雾化、蒸发、分解以及壁膜的生长过程，并可定性预估固体尿素沉积物的生成位置。将本文建立的物理结晶模型应用于Urea-SCR系统开发阶段可为管路及混合器的结构设计提供指导，以减少系统的沉积物生成量。同时，本文建立了系统级的沉积物生成机理模型，由热重试验和模型仿真结果的对比可知，使用该模型可以准确描述尿素、氰尿酸（CYA）、缩二脲（Biuret）和氰尿酰胺（Ammelide）的生成和分解过程。基于该模型，本文得到了不同边界下的残余比例、沉积率和沉积物组分，为Urea-SCR系统沉积物的控制提供了理论支持。此外，本文建立了一种可嵌入式沉积物生成模型，并提出了基于该模型的添蓝修正策略。实车路试试验的结果表明，使用该策略后Urea-SCR系统沉积物的生成量降低54%。因此，本文提出的基于模型的添蓝修正策略可以有效减少沉积物的生成。进而，在基于阻容模型的添蓝控制策略基础上，匹配使用基于沉积物生成模型的添蓝流量修正策略，可以同时实现高NO_X转化效率、低NH₃泄漏量和低沉积物生成量。

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