在冬季，沥青路面的积雪和结冰不仅大大降低了道路运输效率，而且极易引发交通事故。如何及时融化或去除路面冰雪、减少交通事故的发生，从而保证公路的安全畅通一直是世界各国迫切希望解决的难题。传统融雪化冰的方法为撒布氯盐法，但氯盐对道路周边生态环境危害严重，并会导致沥青路面出现病害。为了减轻氯盐的破坏作用，一些环保型融雪剂（如醋酸盐）开始得到应用，然而，这些融雪剂不仅价格高，而且对沥青路面也具有较大的危害性。将氯盐类融雪化冰剂掺入沥青混凝土制备具有自融冰功能的沥青路面近年来倍受重视，但氯盐仍会在雨水和车辆载荷的作用下逐渐析出，既破坏了生态环境和路面结构，又降低了其融冰长效性。因此，亟需开发一种对环境和路面结构无危害、融雪化冰功能持久的新型融雪化冰剂。

层状双金属氢氧化物（LDHs）由带正电荷的金属阳离子层板和带负电荷的层间阴离子所构成。前期研究发现，LDHs层间阴离子能够赋予其降低水的冰点作用，其主板金属元素和层间阴离子种类直接影响其降低冰点的功能。本文采用不同镁铝元素比Mg/Al CO₃^2-LDHs为原料，通过焙烧还原法制备了含有不同层间阴离子（氯离子、甲酸根离子和醋酸根离子）的LDHs，系统研究了主板金属元素比和层间阴离子种类对LDHs降低水的冰点能力的影响，制备了新型融雪化冰剂。进而将不同层间阴离子的LDHs用于制备沥青混合料，研究了新型融雪化冰剂对沥青混合料融雪化冰性能和路用性能的影响。主要研究结论如下：

（1）采用焙烧还原法制备了不同阴离子插层MgAl LDHs。元素能谱和傅里叶红外光谱分析表明，氯离子、甲酸根离子和醋酸根离子成功插入到LDHs层间。X-射线衍射分析表明，氯离子、甲酸根离子和醋酸根离子的引入会增大原来Mg/Al CO₃^2-LDHs的层间距离。扫描电子显微镜观察表明，氯离子、甲酸根离子和醋酸根离子插层LDHs仍然为层状结构晶体。透射电子显微镜图像进一步证实三种阴离子插层LDHs的晶格之间距离相比于原样LDHs的有明显增大。

（2）主板金属元素比对LDHs的融冰能力有明显影响。差热扫描量热测试表明：相比于主板镁铝元素比为3和4的LDHs，主板镁铝元素比为2时，氯离子、甲酸根离子和醋酸根离子插层LDHs的混合液冰点均最低，其5wt%的混合液冰点分别为-8.15 °C、-9.32 °C和-10.68 °C。这是因为镁铝元素比较小时，三价态的铝离子的相对含量增大，金属阳离子层板所带总的正电荷数会增加，从而使得层板间能够插入较多的阴离子。

（3）不同阴离子对LDHs的融冰能力有显著影响。当镁铝元素比为2时，将5%的氯离子插层LDHs（Mg₂/Al Cl^-LDH）、甲酸根离子插层LDHs（Mg₂/Al Fo^-LDH）、醋酸根离子插层LDHs（Mg₂/Al Ac^-LDH）和碳酸根离子插层LDHs（Mg₂/Al CO₃^2-LDH）分别与水配置成混合液，对应的冰点分别为-8.1 °C、-8.8 °C、-9.3 °C和-1.2 °C，这表明氯离子、甲酸根离子和醋酸根离子插层均能够赋予LDHs优良的融冰能力，其中醋酸根离子插层LDHs降低冰点效果最好。这可归因于焙烧LDHs中可插层进入的醋酸根离子含量最多，LDHs单位层间阴离子含量测试结果表明氯离子、甲酸根离子、醋酸根离子插层LDHs的单位层间阴离子含量分别为0.0035 mol/g，0.0041 mol/g和0.0054 mol/g。

（4）焙烧还原制备工艺和焙烧LDHs与插层剂的质量比也明显影响LDHs的融冰能力。研究表明：插层反应温度明显影响不同阴离子插层LDHs降低水的冰点的效果。氯离子、甲酸根离子和醋酸根离子分别在插层反应温度为70 °C、75 °C和80 °C条件下制备的LDHs，其降低水的结冰点效果最好。这是因为体系的反应活性起初会随着温度升高而逐渐增大，从而使得外界阴离子插层LDHs的反应变得越来越容易。当温度进一步升高而超过这个最佳反应温度后，LDHs层间的少量羟基（-OH）开始脱离，与外界阴离子竞争，导致插层阴离子的数量降低。焙烧后的LDHs（CLDH）与阴离子插层剂的质量比也会影响不同阴离子插层LDHs的冰点。当CLDH与氯化钠、甲酸钠和醋酸钾的质量比分别为3、2.5和2时，插层LDH具有较好的降低水冰点效果。这是因为当CLDH与氯化钠、甲酸钠和醋酸钾的质量比降低到饱和值时，LDHs层间没有多余的位点接受阴离子插层。

（5）LDHs对层间阴离子具有限域作用。硝酸银溶液滴定表明Mg₂/Al Cl^-LDH的滤液中未见氯离子存在；电导率测定表明Mg₂/Al Fo^-LDH和Mg₂/Al Ac^-LDH的滤液中没有游离的甲酸根离子或醋酸根离子存在。X-射线光电子能谱测试结果发现，相比于碳酸根离子，氯离子、甲酸根离子和醋酸根离子插层后，LDHs层间阴离子与层板金属阳离子的电子结合能增大，这表明金属阳离子层板对于三种插层阴离子具有更好的限域作用。

（6）三种阴离子插层LDHs均可赋予沥青混合料良好的长效融冰性能。沥青混合料表面冰点实验表明，掺有5wt%的Mg₂/Al Cl^-LDH、Mg₂/Al Fo^-LDH和Mg/Al Ac^-LDH的沥青混合料表面冰点分别为-5.0 °C、-6.5 °C和-7.2 °C；沥青混合料表面冰层粘附力实验表明，这三种阴离子插层LDHs融雪化冰剂均可使冰层与沥青混合料之间的粘附力降低。掺有LDHs融雪化冰剂的沥青混合料反复浸水和表面机械摩擦后，其表面冰点和冰层粘附力均无明显变化。

（7）LDHs融雪化冰剂改善了沥青混合料的水稳定性能和高温性能。掺有5wt%的Mg₂/Al CI^- LDH、Mg₂/Al Fo^-LDH和Mg₂/Al Ac^-LDH沥青混合料的浸水稳定度分别为85.9%、86.2%和87.5%，而添加相同掺量矿粉的沥青混合料浸水稳定度为82.5%；掺有5wt%的Mg₂/Al CI^- LDH、Mg₂/Al Fo^-LDH和Mg/Al Ac^-LDH沥青混合料的动稳定度分别为3920次/mm、4120次/mm和4370次/mm，而添加相同掺量矿粉的沥青混合料的动态稳定度为3520次/mm。

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