具有导电性和稳定性好、有效表面积大及原料丰富的酚醛泡沫炭是超级电容器电极中最常用的多孔炭材料，泡沫炭的孔隙结构和比表面积对电容器的离子储存容量和扩散速率有很大的影响。微孔和介孔可以显著提高多孔炭材料的表面积，有利于离子快速可逆地传输和电荷储存，增加电极的电容，然而炭材料中曲折的微孔和介孔会阻碍电解质离子向孔隙的扩散，导致在高电流密度下的倍率性能较差。大孔作为电解液的缓冲池，使离子扩散距离缩短，然而炭材料中存在过多的大孔会导致表面积变小，同时降低电容和能量密度。因此，制备微孔、中孔和大孔相结合的分级多孔泡沫炭，开发具有良好电化学性能的电极材料具有重要意义。本文以酚醛树脂为基础，制备出一系列酚醛泡沫炭，并将其分别与还原氧化石墨烯和NiS₂形成复合材料，研究它们的电容性能与应用潜力。具体内容如下：

1、首先以苯酚和甲醛为原料，NaOH为碱催化剂，通过加成和缩聚反应合成酚醛树脂；以合成的树脂为前驱体，复配的DC-193、AES为乳化剂，磷酸、浓硫酸和苯磺酸为混合固化剂，石油醚为发泡剂，通过发泡法制备多孔泡沫炭作为超级电容器的电极材料，探讨了不同乳化剂和固化剂的配比对其电化学性能的影响，确定了DC-193∶AES = 7∶3的乳化剂配比和磷酸∶浓硫酸∶苯磺酸 = 7∶2∶1且稀释为80% 水溶液的固化剂体系制备的泡沫炭泡孔细腻孔径分布均匀，兼具大孔、介孔和微孔，电化学性能最优，在0.1 A·g^-1电流密度下其电容值可达到204 F·g^-1。接着在水热条件下加入氧化石墨烯（GO）分散液，利用水热过程还原的还原氧化石墨烯（RGO）对上述炭材料的电容性能进行改进，探讨了不同GO浓度对该复合电极材料电容性能的影响，确定了GO的浓度为4 mg·mL^-1时，复合电极材料的电容性能得到最大程度的提升，在0.1 A·g^-1电流密度下其电容值可达到253 F·g^-1。

2、在不添加粘接剂的情况下，通过水热法将NiS₂沉积在分级多孔的泡沫炭上作为超级电容器的电极材料，并利用水热过程还原的RGO对该电极材料的电化学性能进行改进，探讨了不同GO浓度对该复合电极材料电容性能的影响，确定了GO的浓度为4 mg·mL^-1时，沉积的NiS₂呈纳米、微米级颗粒和棒状分布，且富含大量供电子或离子快速转移的孔道，表现出较大的电容值，在1 A·g^-1电流密度下其电容值可达到1039 F·g^-1。

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